Which chemical is commonly used in the permanent waving process?

The use of thioglycolic acid in the permanent waving process is well-established due to its ability to break disulphide bonds in hair. This chemical works by reducing these bonds so that the hair can be reshaped into curls once it is wrapped on perm rods. After the hair is set in the desired shape, an oxidizing agent is applied to create new disulphide bonds, effectively locking the new style in place. Thioglycolic acid is known for being effective while also allowing for flexibility in the styling options available.

In contrast, acetic acid is not used for permanent waving; it is more commonly known as a component in vinegar and primarily used for adjusting pH in various cosmetic formulations. Formaldehyde is associated with hair straightening treatments rather than permanent waves, as it is used in some keratin treatments to create a smooth effect. Citric acid, while sometimes utilized in hair care products for its pH regulating properties, does not serve a role in the waving process itself. Thus, thioglycolic acid stands out as the key ingredient for achieving lasting curls through perming techniques.